Wondering if you're neurodivergent? Here's what it really means
Clinically reviewed by Dr. Chris Mosunic, PhD, RD, MBA
Do you (or someone you know) think your brain operates a little outside the "norm?" Explore what neurodiversity means and how to support the neurodivergent people in your life.
Every one of us is unique, and we each have our own ideas, opinions, and ways of tackling life. But it’s no secret that some people’s brains operate differently than someone with a more typical way of thinking. And with the rise of neurodivergence in the media (and especially on social media), you may have wondered if you or someone you know may be, well, different.
Maybe you know someone who solves problems with an unusual approach or responds to the world in a way that seems to set them apart from the rest. Perhaps they tend to overthink choice to make, or hyperfocus on tasks to the point of obsession. These unique approaches to thinking and processing, which can often be seen as “thinking outside the box” may suggest that they’re neurodivergent. And if these traits feel familiar to you, perhaps you are, too.
The human brain is unique and eccentric. The fact that everyone thinks differently is wonderful and it’s what makes us who we are. These differences, especially the differences in people who are neurodivergent, are a natural part of how we’re made, even if they feel unfamiliar or unusual.
Let’s explore what it means to be neurodivergent, and discover a whole new way of looking at yourself and others.
What does the term neurodivergent mean?
Neurodivergent is a term for people whose brains function in a way that’s not seen as “typical” or “neurotypical” by society. This can include differences in how people think, process information, and experience the world around them. It’s important to note that these differences aren’t flaws. Instead, they’re simply seen as variations in the many, many ways the brain can operate.
Below are a few common conditions that are labeled as neurodivergent:
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD): ASD is a developmental difference that can affect social interaction, communication, and behavior.
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): ADHD is a condition that impacts focus, impulsivity, and hyperactivity.
Dyslexia: This is a learning difference that primarily affects reading and language processing.
Dyspraxia: This condition affects coordination, motor skills, and planning.
Tourette syndrome: Tourette syndrome, or Tourette’s, is a neurological condition that involves involuntary movements or vocalizations, which are known as tics.
Being neurodivergent doesn’t mean there’s something “wrong” with a person. Neurodivergent is simply a way to acknowledge that brains can work in many ways. While being neurodivergent may influence certain aspects of life, it’s just one part of a multifaceted person — just like someone who’s neurotypical.
The history behind the term “neurodivergent”
Sociologist and autism advocate Judy Singer introduced the term “neurodiversity” in the late 1990s, when she sought to reframe how society views neurological differences like autism and ADHD.
Singer argued that these are natural variations in how human brains work and are much like differences in height, eye color, or personality rather than deficits or disorders. Her work challenged the idea that neurodivergent people needed to be “fixed” or “cured,” and instead she inspired people to celebrate their unique strengths and perspectives. She recognized that these differences make valuable contributions to society.
The neurodiversity movement advocates for acceptance, accommodations, and equity for neurodivergent people. And it’s gained momentum and even has become popularized and normalized to talk about. Today, we’re much more aware of how we can all be more inclusive and promote accessibility, so we can embrace everyone and appreciate their potential, whatever form it takes.
What causes someone to be neurodivergent?
Neurodivergence is a natural variation in brain development, which is caused by a combination of genetic, biological, and environmental factors. Some factors are direct causes, while others influence how neurodivergence manifests or is experienced.
Neurodivergence isn’t something a person “chooses,” nor is it caused by external factors like upbringing or lifestyle.
Causes of neurodivergence
1. Genetic factors: Neurodivergence often has a strong genetic component and many traits run in families. Autism spectrum disorder, ADHD, dyslexia and other learning differences also tend to show up in families, which shows how genetics can influence how the brain processes language, numbers, or motor skills. Neurodivergence is rarely caused by a single gene but instead is caused by many different genetic factors.
2. Biological factors: Brain development differences, often present from birth, contribute to neurodivergence. Unique patterns in the brain are observed in autistic people.
Biological factors during pregnancy, such as maternal health, exposure to certain substances, or complications during birth, may also affect brain development. These factors don’t directly cause neurodivergence but may increase the likelihood of its occurrence.
Influences on how neurodivergence is expressed or experienced
1. Environmental factors: The environment can play a big part in shaping how neurodivergence manifests. Supportive early life environments, such as access to specialized education and early interventions (like therapy) if they’re needed, can help those with neurodivergent brains to thrive. And on the other side of things, societal structures, cultural norms, and stigma can affect how neurodivergent people are perceived by others (and perceive themselves) which can impact their confidence and wellbeing.
2. Parenting and lifestyle: While neurodivergence is not caused by parenting or lifestyle, these factors can influence how neurodivergent traits are navigated. Supportive and understanding caregivers can help build a positive, empathetic environment for their child to grow and develop. But misconceptions about “bad parenting” causing neurodivergence is incorrect and harmful.
3. Societal attitudes and structures: Broader social dynamics, including access to resources, workplace accommodations, and community inclusion, can shape the experiences of neurodivergent people. Inclusive practices can empower neurodivergent people to reach their potential at work and in life, while a lack of understanding or accessibility may create extra challenges for everyone.
What are the challenges and advantages of neurodiversity?
Neurodivergent people have their own unique strengths and difficulties, just like every neurotypical person. So, it’s important to approach the discussion of challenges and advantages with an open mind and respect.
Celebrating and holding space for neurodivergence means recognizing and valuing all people at every stage, instead of making assumptions about abilities based solely on a diagnosis. That’s how we make society more accepting and inclusive.
Challenges of neurodiversity
Neurodivergent people may face barriers in systems designed with neurotypical norms in mind.
Everyday places like schools, colleges, workplaces, and social spaces can often lack the flexibility to accommodate diverse ways of thinking and processing.
We might think about a school with a rigid curriculum and harsh rules or traditional office settings, which can inadvertently exclude people whose learning or working styles don’t fit with the approaches that work for others. And this can affect progress and mental health.
Challenges with sensory sensitivities, executive functioning, or social communication may also come up, depending on the person. It’s not that these traits are an issue, but it’s the mismatch between the person’s needs and their environment that can create problems. One of the greatest challenges neurodivergent people face is the stigma associated with being “different” and the pressure to conform or “mask” their neurodiversity.
Misunderstandings about conditions like autism, ADHD, or dyslexia can lead to discrimination, bullying, or exclusion. Neurodivergent people are more likely to experience mental health challenges, such as anxiety, depression, or low self-esteem. These can often arise from having to navigate a world that doesn’t always accommodate their needs or value their differences.
Advantages of neurodiversity
Neurodivergent people approach the world and contribute to innovation, creativity, and problem-solving in a special way. Many neurodivergent people bring unique perspectives and abilities to their fields and offer up new ways of thinking. This helps them excel in areas that pull from their strengths instead of hindering them.
Neurodivergent people may soar in areas like creative thinking, attention to detail, or an ability to hyperfocus on topics they’re interested in. Some neurodivergent people also develop profound empathy and insight into the human experience.
💙 Listen to author Elizabeth Gilbert’s Creative Living Beyond Fear masterclass for ways to direct your creativity.
How to support someone who is neurodivergent (including yourself): 7 mindful tips
Supporting a neurodivergent person whether it’s yourself, a loved one, or a colleague means being understanding, creating inclusive environments, and celebrating strengths. Here are seven mindful ways you can offer support and encouragement.
1. Learn about neurodivergence
Take the time to learn about different neurodivergent conditions, like autism, ADHD, dyslexia, and more. Understanding the ways these conditions may affect people can help you approach conversations and other interactions with empathy and insight. (If you need to, try these eight exercises to develop empathy.)
Read articles, watch documentaries, or follow neurodivergence advocates on social media.
Join workshops or seminars focused on neurodiversity and inclusion.
Stay curious and open to learning from personal experiences.
2. Practice active listening
Neurodivergence is an individual and personal experience. Instead of assuming what someone needs, ask them. And listen with an open mind. Active listening means hearing without judgment and validating their feelings.
Ask, “How can I support you right now?” and other open-ended questions, instead of offering unsolicited advice.
Give people the space and time to express themselves, even if it takes longer than expected. Here are five more ways to become a better listener.
💙 Check out this meditation on the art of Mindful Listening if you need a little bit of practice.
3. Help to create inclusive environments
Small adjustments at home, at work, or at school can often make a big difference for neurodivergent people. Wherever you can, tailor the environments you’re in to help reduce stress and help people feel more comfortable.
At work or school: Offer flexible schedules, quiet workspaces, or sensory-friendly lighting.
At home: Be mindful of sensory triggers, like loud noises or strong scents, and create calm spaces for relaxation. Check out these five steps to stress check your environment.
In social settings: Respect everyone’s need for breaks or accommodations, such as a quieter area at a party or time limits on how long they have to stay at a social event.
4. Advocate for accessibility
Whenever you can, suggest ways to promote neurodiversity inclusion. This might include professional or community spaces. You don’t need to be confrontational in speaking up either. Simply share how these changes can benefit everyone.
Encourage your workplace to adopt neurodiversity hiring practices.
Work with schools to implement individualized learning plans for students who need extra support or who have learning differences.
Support policies that improve access to mental health resources and accommodations.
5. Celebrate strengths and passions
Neurodivergent people often have incredible talents and interests that may go unnoticed. Focusing on these strengths can help build confidence and a sense of belonging in people who are neurodivergent, which may ultimately help reduce the stigma associated with it.
Acknowledge their achievements, no matter the size.
Encourage people to explore hobbies or career paths that align with their passions.
Remind coworkers that their differences are valuable and worth celebrating.
Read up on how to improve self-esteem.
6. Be patient and flexible
Neurodivergent people may have needs and preferences that are different from other people, so be patient and open-minded. Flexibility can help you adapt to these differences without judgment.
If someone struggles with time management, offer them gentle reminders without getting frustrated.
Be understanding if they need extra time to process information or respond to a question.
Share methods that may empower them, such as how to timebox.
Accept that they may communicate, learn, or approach tasks differently.
💙 Practice honing your Acceptance skills in this meditation with Jay Shetty.
7. Prioritize self-care — for them and for yourself
For neurodivergent people, self-care often includes finding routines and tools that make life feel more manageable and fulfilling. If you’re supporting someone, remember to care for your own wellbeing too, so you can offer help without feeling overwhelmed.
Use tools like planners, timers, or apps to stay organized.
Try deep breathing or meditation to reduce stress.
Set boundaries to protect your energy and focus on what feels meaningful. (Here’s eight tips to help.)
Take breaks when you need them and seek your own support system.
Celebrate progress, even if it feels small.
Practice compassion, both toward the person you’re supporting and yourself. Try a compassion meditation to get started.
Neurodivergent meaning FAQs
What is the difference between neurodivergent and neurotypical?
The terms “neurodivergent” and “neurotypical” describe different ways of experiencing and processing the world. A neurotypical person’s brain functions in ways that align with societal expectations of “normal” thinking, behavior, and development. Neurodivergent people have brains that work differently, leading to unique patterns of thinking, learning, and interacting with their surroundings.
One isn’t “better” or “worse” than the other but are simply different ways of operating.
Neurodivergence covers a wide range of conditions, like autism, ADHD, dyslexia, and more, while neurotypicals reflect what’s considered standard or typical.
Is neurodivergence associated with certain types of conditions?
Neurodivergence is often linked to specific neurological or developmental conditions, but isn’t limited to specific diagnoses. Here are some common examples:
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD): Differences in social communication, behavior, and sensory processing
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Challenges with focus, impulsivity, and activity regulation
Dyslexia: Affects language processing and reading skills
Dyspraxia: Impacts motor coordination and planning
Tourette syndrome: Involves involuntary movements or vocalizations called tics
Can someone become neurodivergent later in life?
Neurodivergence is typically there from birth and is tied to the way a person’s brain develops. However, it’s not uncommon for neurodivergent traits to go unnoticed until later in life. Someone may grow up without a diagnosis, only to discover in adulthood that they’re autistic or have ADHD or another neurodivergent condition.
Life circumstances can also make neurodivergent traits seem more noticeable. Stress, major life changes, or increased responsibilities can shine a light on differences in how someone processes information or manages tasks. So, while these traits were always present, they may become more apparent under certain conditions.
It’s also possible for trauma from a brain injury or illness to result in cognitive differences later in life. However, this is not the same as being born neurodivergent.
How does neurodiversity relate to the autism spectrum?
Neurodiversity is a broad definition that means someone’s brain seems to work differently to others, and it includes autism as one of many forms of brain differences. The autism spectrum itself is also varied, with autistic people each having their own set of strengths, challenges, and experiences.
It’s important that we accept and value autism, along with other neurodivergent conditions, as natural variations in human cognition. In other words, we are not looking to “cure” autism, but instead to support autistic people where they might need it.
By recognizing autism as part of the neurodiversity spectrum, we can celebrate the contributions of autistic people and work toward creating inclusive environments that allow everyone to thrive.
How can I support neurodivergent people in the workplace?
Supporting neurodivergent people in the workplace involves valuing their strengths while addressing their unique needs. By creating and maintaining an environment where neurodivergent employees feel valued and supported, you contribute to a workplace that benefits from the strengths and perspectives of all its members. This makes for a happier, healthier, more productive workplace.
Start by educating yourself and your team about neurodiversity to create a culture of understanding and acceptance.
Provide accommodations, such as flexible schedules, sensory-friendly spaces, or alternative communication methods, which can help neurodivergent employees thrive.
Communicate openly, by asking employees what support they need, and involve them in creating solutions.
Encourage diverse work styles that help employees take care of themselves and support productivity.
Advocate for workplace policies that prioritize equity and inclusion, such as neurodiversity hiring initiatives or mentorship programs.
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